Time Value of Money Calculations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time Value of Money Calculations - Assignment Example Capital budgeting decisions are based on an evaluation of the cash flows expected from investing in a specific project (Emery et al 2007). Projects are evaluated using methods such as: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period (described as simple payback) and discounted payback period. These methods can assist management in deciding which project among a set of options yields the best return or whether a particular project should be undertaken. The NPV is the net balance of the initial investment after deducting future cash flows at present values. The implication of a negative NPV indicates the failure of the project to generate enough funds to pay up the initial investments as well as to facilitate some returns to shareholders. Information contained in the Appendix indicates that the project has a positive NPV of $16,692. This implies that the project would be beneficial to the organization The IRR is the discount rate that equates the present value of a project’s cash flows with the cost of the project (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2005). This occurs when NPV is equal to Zero (0). If used appropriately it is a valuable tool in the selection of projects (Hazen 2003). The IRR of the Server Update project is 10.13 per cent. This is 2.13 per cent above the organization’s cost of capital and therefore offers a positive return to shareholders. See Appendix 1 for the solution. According to Brigham and Ehrhardt (2005) the simple payback period indicates the time period over which the project recovers the initial investment. In performing the calculations the annual cash flows are set off against the initial outflow until there is a positive balance. Investments with long payback periods are considered to be risky compared to those with relatively short payback periods and so this method has a bias for short term projects. Additionally, the simple payback method does not take into account the time value of money since it

The use of power and persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The use of power and persuasion - Essay Example Similarly, others stress on how the power must transcend by virtue of leadership, implying that people relate to larger groups and thus, the art of leadership must be paralleled with the art of gauging the deep rooted insights of human responses (Harvard University 2005). However, in order to apply this strategy, it is imperative to build trusts and a dynamic interpersonal relationship with the people. Similarly, commenting on the need of innovative leaders, the academia also tends to differentiate between an ordinary leader and the one which tends to innovate, since innovative leadership doesn’t solely rely of a vision and leadership qualities; instead it tends to seek inspiration and drive these innovators towards positive direction to deem outputs (Yolderwise 2010). Therefore, a leader offer inspiration, motivation and even a dynamic personality for others to relate to and follow, with an innovation leader carrying even more elaborate responsibilities. Thus, there is need t o explore various dimensions on the nature and functioning of innovative leadership. As mentioned above as well, there are distinct leadership styles and leadership qualities which can be undertaken by a leader, and therefore may be understood from various lens. However, question arises on which approach may be accurate and appropriate for an innovation leader. In this context, various researchers have commented that such a leader may borrow concepts from various leadership styles to create a distinct style of his own to instill innovation and direction in the intended audience. Therefore, an innovative leader will employ distinct strategies to carve out a leadership style which then contributes towards producing creative and original ideas, services, products or solution Thus concept of innovation leadership was first put forth by Dr, Gliddon

Parental Relationships and Father Absence Association Study

Parental Relationships and Father Absence Association Study Table of Results. Table One. Differences in Mate Preferences Between Father Absent and Father Present Girls as Assessed Using Mann-Whitney. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Two. Spearman’s Correlations Between Mother-Child Relationships and Mate Preferences Within British and Chinese Girls Regardless of Parental Presence. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Three. Spearman’s Correlations Between Father-Child Relationships and Mate Preferences Within British and Chinese Girls Regardless of Parental Presence. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Four. Differences in Mate Preference Between Girls Whose Parents Split Before They Were 13 and Those Who Split After They Were 13. Table Five. Differences in Mate Preferences Between British and Chinese Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood. Table Six. Differences in Mate Preferences Within Chinese Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood as Compared to Those Whose Fathers were Present. Table Seven. Differences in Mate Preferences Within British Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood as Compared to Those Whose Fathers were Present. Discussion. This study examined the association between parental relationships and father absence on a number of aspects of female mate preferences in a sample of 103 Chinese and 48 British adolescent girls. There were three main aims. Firstly, to assess whether there is an association between parent-daughter relationships and subsequent mate choice. In order to assess whether there were differences in mate selection between father absent and father present girls, those girls who stated that they had either never lived with their father (3%) or that their parents were separated and they lived with their mother (25.6%), were compared to those girls whose parents were together (55%), who had never lived with their mother (1.5%) and whose parents were separated and lived with their father (3%). Those individuals who stated that they had never lived with their biological parents (2.3%), or who stated that they belonged to the category ‘other’ (3%), were excluded from this analysis. The results presented in table one reveal that there are significant differences between girls whose fathers were absent and girls whose fathers were present within a number of variables, thus supporting the hypothesis proposed. Girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about the economic suitability of their future partners and were also significantly more concerned about the commitment of their future partners, than girls whose fathers were not present. It was also thought important to assess the possibility that the timing of parental separation was influential in subsequent mate choice. In order to assess this, those individuals whose parents were separated, were categorised according to whether this split occurred before, or after, they were 13 years old and differences in mate selection were compared between the two groups. There were no significant differences observed between girls whose parents split up before they were 13 and girls whose parents split up afterwards, although there are two near significant relationships of note. Girls whose parents split up before they were 13 were more likely to desire sexual intercourse earlier on in a relationship and in addition they were more likely to desire short term partners who were younger than themselves. In order to further assess whether there is a relationship between parent-daughter relationships and subsequent mate choice Spearman’s correlations were conducted for the sample as a whole on the data provided about the parent-child interaction and the mate selection variables. These results were presented in tables two and three. In terms of the mother-daughter relationship, significant positive correlations were observed between both the mother’s care and the partner’s age in both short and long term relationships. A significant negative correlation is also apparent between the mother’s overprotection and economic resources and a significant positive correlation between the mother’s overprotection and cues to commitment. In terms of the father-daughter relationship a significant negative correlation is observed between father’s care and the girls concerns about their future partners economic resourcefulness, this is in support of the findings observed within the mother-daughter relationship and suggests that a strong parental relationship (within both mothers and fathers) is related to less economic concerns, possibly because these girls anticipate that they can reply on their immediate family if they get into financial strife. In addition there are significant positive correlations observed between father’s care and the girls desire to have a long term partner who was older than themselves. In terms of the father’s overprotection there are significant negative correlations observed with both the partner’s short term and long term age. The positive correlation observed between parental care and the girls desire to have partners who are considerably older than themselves is difficult to explain. Presumably this reflects positively on the girls respect for their elders. This conclusion is backed up by the fact that there is a negative correlation observed between the father’s overprotection and the girls desire to have partners older than themselves, e.g. the greater the level of father’s overprotection the more likely the girls are to desire younger partners. It should be borne in mind when interpreting the results in tables two and three that these conclusions are based solely on correlative data and thus the direction of causation cannot be determined. The second hypothesis was to assess whether there are differences in mate choices between British and Chinese girls whose father’s were absent during their childhood. In order to assess this, individuals whose father’s were present (defined as above) were excluded from the analysis and differences between British and Chinese girls whose fathers were absent were examined using Mann Whitney. The results support the hypothesis proposed in that there are significant differences. Amongst girls whose fathers were absent during their childhood, there are significant differences between the Chinese and the British girls according to two of the variables assessed. British girls were significantly more concerned about the parental investments that would be made by their partners than Chinese girls. This may be a consequence of differences in culture. For example it is possible that British girls have an increased expectation of male parental investment given that in Britain women are more likely to work full time alongside men and are more career orientated. In addition, Chinese girls were significantly more interested than British girls in having short term partners who were older than themselves, although this difference was not apparent for long term partner preferences. The time of first sexual intercourse is also worthy of note in this context given that the significance levels fall just outside those which are traditionally accepted. Chinese girls were more likely to wait longer than British girls before having sexual intercourse with a partner for the first time again this is likely to reflect cultural differences between China and Britain. The third and final aim was to assess whether there are differences between father absent and father present girls of either Chinese or British origin (see tables six and seven). Within Chinese girls there are significant differences between those whose fathers were present and those whose fathers were absent according to both economic resources and cues to commitment. Chinese girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about economic resourcefulness and were significantly less concerned about cues to commitments, than Chinese girls whose fathers were absent. Within British girls it is revealed that those whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about cues to commitment then those whose fathers were absent. This stands in direct contrast to that observed within Chinese girls and it is presumed that this is a consequence of cultural differences. It is possible that British girls were more concerned about commitment because of the increased sexual liberation within Britain compared to China, while the Chinese girls were more concerned about economic provision because of sexual suppression in China and the increased difficulty in going out and seek employment themselves. To the best of knowledge there are no other studies which have specifically examined the effects of father absence on mate preferences in either adolescent girls or boys with which to make direct comparison to the results obtained here. This is surprising as there is a bulk of literature examining the effects of father absence on sexual development and some of the most relevant literature is discussed her for comparison. In a sample of 160 college aged girls, Fleck et al (1980) found that there was a significant relationship between father absence, as defined in a psychological rather than a physical respect (e.g fathers may have been living at home but were uninterested in their daughters), and increased frequency of sexual behaviour and anxiety. In a similar study conducted by Ellis et al (2003) the impact of father absence on sexual activity and teenage pregnancy was examined in a large sample of girls from the USA (n = 242) and New Zealand (n = 520). Father absence was strongly statistically associated with early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. This relationship between father absence and increased sexual activity has been repeatedly confirmed within many other studies within the literature (Hendricks et al, 2005). However, this study found no differences between the time of first sexual encounter between girls whose fathers were present and girls whose fathers were absent. It is possib le that this is a consequence of methodological variation. In this study participants were asked to state when they preferred to engage in sexual behaviour with a new partner and when they would prefer a partner to want to have intercourse with them. Thus as this study asked about preferences and did not assess actual behaviour, this may account for the difference. In terms of the age of parental separation there is evidence that the earlier the separation occurred the earlier sexual intercourse begins. For example, Quinlan (2003) examined the relationship between female reproductive development in a sample of 10,847 women. They found that the timing of parental separation was associated with reproductive development. Parental separation between birth and five years of age predicted early menarche, an earlier age of first sexual intercourse, earlier first pregnancies and also a shorter duration of the first marriage. This study supports these results in some respect given that there was a near significant decrease in the desired time of first sexual intercourse with a new partner amongst those girls whose parents split before they were 13years old. A considerable body of evidence has also observed that there is a significant association between father absence and puberty in both boys and girls (Bogaert, 2005, Maestripieri et al, 2004). The differences between partner preference between girls with absent and present fathers may be related to this increased rate of developmental maturity. Girls who reach puberty faster may be more likely to experiment sexually at a younger age and consequently may prefer men older than themselves. The findings obtained in the current research are also interesting in light of the findings obtained in a sample of 83 girls aged between 11-14years assessed by Maestripieri et al (2004). It was shown that father absence was associated with greater interest in infants as assesses through preferences for photos of human and animal infants. The authors conclude that this shows that father absence is related to an earlier readiness for parenting. In this study participants were asked about the number of children they wanted to have with their partner(s) and these results can be compared to that of Maestripieri et al. In support of Maestripieri et al there was a near significant difference observed between the number of children desired by girls whose fathers were present or absent. Girls whose father’s were absent wanted to have more children (1.95) than girls whose fathers were present (1.81, U = 1696.0, p = .059). There are a number of limitations to the current study. The sample sizes of British and Chinese girls were not equal, that of the Chinese girls being considerably higher. Future research should focus on increasing the sample size of British girls. Examining differences within cultures other than the British and the Chinese, for example, African or Middle Eastern cultures in order to search for further cross cultural differences would also make an interesting extension to this study. In addition it is important to examine the relationship amongst boys in comparison to girls. The evidence suggests that boys with absent fathers are also likely to hit puberty earlier (Bogaert, 2005) then those with present fathers and this suggests that mate preferences would also be affected. In fact it seems reasonable to presume that the effects in males might be greater than that on females due to the loss of the same sex parents. Surprisingly, however, it appears that the literature has tended to focus on the effects in girls more often. It is hoped that subsequent research will aim to rectify this. This raises a related point, regarding the effects of mother absence on girls. As mothers tend to be the primary role model for girls, it is suggested that mother absence may be more likely to have more prominent effects in girls. However, as mother absence is much rarer that father absence, this would be a difficult study to conduct and recruitment would be time consuming. As mentioned earlier this study is also limited as it asks only about the desires and concerns of these girls and does not take into consideration the actual behaviour of the girls. It would be interesting to conduct a follow up study with the same sample in order to compare these desires to actual behaviour as assessed a number of years down the line. Or to conduct the same study in a sample of older women for comparison, for example the characteristics of the husbands of women in their 30’s and 40’s. Another possibly extension to this study would be to examine the possibility that father absence affects aspects of development other than mate preference. For example it might be interesting to assess the possibility that parental absence encourages homosexuality. In the current study the whole sample indicated that they were heterosexual and this illustrates the fact that in order to investigate this further a much larger sample size would be required. Examining the effects of parental absence on relationships aside from those of a romantic nature would also make an interesting extension. For example, father absence may have affect on peer relationships at school and sibling relationships within the family. Further research into the effects of father absence on aspects of personality, such as extraversion, introversion and neuroticism is also warranted given that Hendricks et al (2005) found that father absence had a detrimental affect on self esteem an affect which has been shown to be particularly pronounced in males (Miller, 1984). In a recent study, Huurre, Junkkari and Aro (2006), also found that individuals from families in which the parents divorced before the age of 16 were more likely to suffer from psychological problems, such as depression and were more likely to suffer from problems within their personal relationships. Again this suggests that further research into the affects of parent absence on personality and health is warranted. In conclusion, this study has assessed the effects of father absent and father presence on mate preferences in Chinese and British adolescent girls. It was concluded that there are significant differences in mate preference according to father presence. Girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about the economic suitability of their future partners and were also significantly more concerned about the commitment of their future partners. This study also aimed to examine differences in mate choice according to the strength of the mother-daughter and the father-daughter relationship. Again it was concluded that there are differences apparent according to the strength of the relationship. There were some differences apparent between British and Chinese girls and these are presumed to be a consequence of cultural variation. References. Bogaert, A. F. (2005). Age at puberty and father absence in a national probability sample. Journal of Adolescence. 28(4) pp514-6. Buss, D.M. Barnes, M. (1986) Preferences in human mate selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, pp.559-570. Ellis, B. J., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Fergusson, D. M., Harwood, J., Pettit, G. S., Woodward, L. (2003). Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? Child Development, 74(3). pp801-821. Fleck, J.R., Fuller, C.C.,

Gas Price Elasticity Essay -- essays research papers

Gas Price Elasticity The Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy began tracking weekly gasoline prices in 1990 by means of a survey of 800 service stations around the country. The average retail price for unleaded gasoline posted its fourth record high during the week of June 12, 2000, increasing 5 cents a gallon to an average of $1.681. The price at the pump is higher than the same period last year by 56 cents and has risen 16.2 cents over the past month (Anonymous, 2000). How far will it rise? What will consumers do about the dramatic increases that are occurring with the arrival of each shipment? Price elasticity of demand would indicate that demand will fall as prices continue to rise, which in turn should result in a reduction of prices and a subsequent increase in demand. Such may prove to be the case, but the scenario is an unlikely one. Prices have increased all over the country, but price increases in the Midwest have been even more dramatic than in other areas. Across the region, prices are averaging $1.874 for a gallon of unleaded, but that same product is well over $2 a gallon in many of the cities of the Midwest. Higher grades average $2.003 across the region, marking the first time that average prices have been so high in a specific region of the country (Anonymous, 2000). There is so much concern over the rising prices that apparently are continuing to rise without abatement that the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has "opened a formal investigation into soaring gasoline prices in some areas of the Midwest and will begin issuing subpoenas to oil companies by the end of the week" (Hebert, 2000; p. aol). Sen. Richard Durbin, D-Ill. believes that the oil companies will reduce prices right away once the subpoenas begin to appear, and the country's vice president has mentioned that collusion may be behind the oil companies' huge profits this year (Hebert, 2000). The summer driving season always brings higher prices in response to heightened demand, but never to the extent seen this year. Of course the final cost of gasoline at the pump is affected by the price of a barrel of crude, but to a lesser extent than oil producers would have consumers believe. The price of crude accounts for only 30 percent of the final cost to the consumer (Brodrick, 2000a). In 1981, the cost of crude accounted for 62 percent of the final c... ...evert to normal levels following the world oil shortage in the 1970s, but of course that never happened. Because the government controls more than 37 percent of the final cost, only 63 percent of the cost is open to being affected by market forces. Gas is a low elasticity product for the reasons discussed above; the wonder is that it does not cost even more at the pump. References Anonymous (2000). Economics 52 - Using Price Elasticities to Forecast Prices. At http://nimbus.temple.edu/~glady/GasPrice.html. Anonymous (2000, June 19). Record Gasoline Prices for Fourth Week in a Row. Reuters at www.aol.com. Anonymous (2000). The Strategic Petroleum Reserve. US Department of Energy, Fossil Energy at http://www.fe.doe.gov/spr/spr.html. Brodrick, Cynthia E. (2000, February 15). How do gas costs affect consumers? At http://aol.thewhiz.com/2000/02/000215d.asp. Brodrick, Cynthia E. (2000a, February 15). The cost of a gallon of gas. At http://aol.thewhiz.com/2000/02/000215b.asp. Georgy, Michael (2000, June 20). OPEC Prepares To Raise Oil Exports Again. Reuters at www.aol.com. Hebert, H. Josef (2000, June 20). FTC Opens Gas Price Investigation. The Associated Press at www.aol.com.

Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung(Dav)

FORM B (specific course information) |Course Name/Title |Process Management in Manufacturing/ OPIM 656 | |Program |MBA | |(e. g. MBA or Ph. D. | | |Required or elective |Elective | |Instructor(s) Name and email address |Anita Tucker [email  protected] upenn. du | | | | |Number of Class sessions in course |26 | |Duration of each class (minutes) |80 | |Typical number of students enrolled in recent |37 | |course offerings. | |Textbook Used |No | |Misc. Instructor comments about course | | OPIM 656 /SYS 522 Process Management in Manufacturing Fall 2004 Monday-Wednesday, 3:00-4:30 p. m. (JMHH 255) Revision date: 9/7/04 Professor Anita L. Tucker [email  protected] upenn. edu JMHH 551 (215) 573-8742 Office Hours: M 9:30-12:00; W 10:30-12:00 (or by appointment) Brief Course DescriptionThis 26-session course builds on the concepts introduced in OPIM 631 and OPIM 632 to examine how organizations can develop and leverage excellence in process management. This course uses a diverse set of ca se studies from manufacturing and service organizations in the United States, Australia, Japan, and Europe. Two modules comprise this course. The first 13 sessions focus on operations strategy. In these classes, we examine what constitutes an operations strategy and how organizations can create value by managing complexity, uncertainty, and product development.We also examine issues related to scaling up a company’s operations and challenges to capturing the value created through operations. In the second half of the course, we discuss recent developments in both manufacturing and service industries, with an emphasis on the importance of process excellence in achieving and maintaining competitive advantage. Specifically, we examine initiatives in quality (i. e. 6-sigma) and Time-Based Competition/JIT. As applications, the course considers important recent advances in enterprise-wide planning (ERP) systems, supply chain contracting and B2B interfaces.These may be viewed as att empts to align enterprise processes with customer needs and market structures and to assure continuous improvement of these processes once designed. In manufacturing, these developments have led to restructuring of the manufacturing and logistics system to provide adaptive and time-responsive supply chains, new product development processes and support functions. The results of this on-going restructuring have important implications for globalization of operations.The course is recommended for those interested in consulting or operations careers, as well as students with an engineering background who wish to develop a better understanding of managing the manufacturing process. Prerequisites and Follow-on Courses The course builds on OPIM 631 and 632, which are prerequisites. Other students must have permission of the instructor to enroll. The course is a useful precursor for OP1M 657, OPIM 658 and OPIM 762. Permission of the instructor is required to enroll under SYS 522.For either of these, basic courses in probability and statistics must have been completed prior to enrollment. Grading Your grade for this course will be based on written exercises (10%), two case write-ups (20%), class participation (30%), and a final exam (40%). Written exercises: You may work in groups to prepare the exercises, but each person must turn in his or her own hard copy (not electronically, please) set of answers. Late exercises will NOT be accepted. Date 1: Nov 24thTopic: Attribute Control charts Date 2: Dec 1st Topic: 6-sigma Case Write-ups:In groups of 3 or 4 people (or individually if you prefer), please prepare a case write up (maximum of 4 pages, including exhibits) for two cases that interest you and turn in a hard copy to me at the start of the class in which we cover that case. Please indicate the contribution made by each individual. Late write-ups will NOT be accepted. Final Exam: The final exam will be a take home case. Details TBA. Text and Materials for the Course T here is no required text for the course. Most of the readings will be found in the Course Bulkpack, which will be distributed through Wharton Reprographics.The course assignments, lecture notes and various supporting materials can be obtained from the WebCafe. Detailed Course Outline Part I: The Concept of Operations Strategy Class 1. Wednesday: September 8 (Introduction to Operations Strategy) This course introduces a common framework for the bases for operations strategy—four competitive priorities of cost, quality, flexibility, and delivery. In the first class, we consider the fundamental questions: What is operations strategy? Can an organization create a competitive advantage through its production processes?For class, please read the following articles and be prepared to discuss in class †¢ Skinner, W. 1974. â€Å"The focused factory. † Harvard Business Review May – June: 52(3):113. †¢ Hayes, R. H. and D. M. Upton. 1998. â€Å"Operations-based s trategy. † California Management Review 40(4):8-25. Class 2. Monday: September 13 (A more detailed look at two companies’ different operations strategies within the same industry) †¢ Read American Connector (A), HBS case 9-693-035. Case Synopsis: American Connector Company and DJC Corporation are two companies in the electrical connector market which have chosen different competitive and operating strategies.The case focuses on how American Connector should respond to the potential threat by DJC’s entry into the U. S. market. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. How serious is the threat of DJC to American Connector Company? 2. How big are the cost differences between DJC’s plant and ACC’s Sunnyvale plant? Consider both DJC’s performance in Kawasaki and its potential in the United States. 3. What accounts for these differences? a. How much is due to the slumping demand in the U. S. (Hint: Look at depreciation) b.How much of the difference is inherent in the way the two companies compete? (Hint: Can you roughly graph their two competitive positions (x-axis flexibility, y-axis price charged) c. How much is strictly due to differences in the efficiency of the operations? (Hint: consider materials, labor, and fixed costs) 4. What should American Connector’s management at the Sunnyvale plant do? Class 3. Wednesday: September 15 (Three views of operations strategy: Tradeoffs, Cumulative capability, Integrative) Read the following articles: †¢ Porter, M. E. 1996. â€Å"What is Strategy? † Harvard Business Review (Nov-Dec 1996):61-78. Hayes, R. and G. Pisano. 1996. â€Å"Manufacturing Strategy: At the Intersection of Two Paradigm Shifts. † Production and Operations Management 5(1):25-41. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What is the main point made by Porter, 1996? Do you agree with him? Is there anything in his article you disagree with? 2. Can you reconcile the conflicting views expressed in Porter’s 1996 article with those expressed in Hayes and Pisano, 1996? Class 4. Monday: September 20 (Tradeoffs: The value of focus) †¢ Read: Rapid Rewards at Southwest Airlines. HBS Case # 9-602-065Case Synopsis: Southwest Airlines had been consistently profitable every year for 28 years, but with firms cutting back on travel and airlines increasingly trying to cut costs and lure customers away from competitors, it might rethink its egalitarian strategy. For example, frequent fliers wanted rules changed so they could receive preferential treatment, such as being guaranteed first boarding regardless of the time they arrived at the airport, and being able to change tickets without paying upgrade fees. The case considers the implications that changing these rules might have on Southwest Airlines operating strategy.Assignment: Please prepare the following questions for case discussion. 1. What is Southwest Airline’s value proposition? What are Southwest’s sources of competitive advantage? 2. Consider the economics of the airline industry. From Exhibit 2 and Exhibits 9-15, what do you see as driving the difference in financial performance across airlines? How important are frequent fliers to airline performance? 3. From your experience, how does Southwest’s service philosophy compare to the rest of the major players in the airline industry? What are the obstacles to its successful execution?POLL QUESTIONS: Please answer the following questions on the WebCafe poll. 1. Should Southwest save a few low-numbered boarding cards for its most frequent fliers? Thought questions for class discussion: What is the key motivation for your opinion? What are the tradeoffs that Southwest must consider in making this decision? 2. Should Southwest allow its most frequent fliers who have missed their flights to take the next available flight with an empty seat or s hould these customers have to wait for the next available flight with an empty seat within the same fare class? Thought question for class discussion:What drives your decision? Class 5. Wednesday: September 22 (Cumulative view of developing operating capabilities) †¢ Read: Micom Caribe (A) HBS Case 9-692-002 Case Synopsis: Micom Caribe examines both quality improvement and the development of flexibility in a satellite manufacturing unit based in Puerto Rico. This change has been brought about through commitment of the workforce and the adoption of simple, yet effective production technologies. The aim of the case is to explore the sources of Caribe’s improvement. Assignment: Prepare the following questions for class discussion of the Micom Caribe Case: 1.What accounted for the quality crash in 1987? To what extent was the geographical location of manufacturing relevant, and what would you have done differently, as MCC, to avoid the crisis? Why were people at MCC unable t o see your solution? 2. What were the most important steps taken to reconfigure MCC’s Puerto Rican manufacturing operation and what capabilities did each build? 3. What specific capabilities does Caribe now have, and, as Moshetti, how would you develop MCC’s manufacturing strategy? Class 6. Monday: September 27 (Using capabilities to enable entry into new markets) Case: Australian Paper Manufacturers (A) HBS 9-691-041Case Synopsis: Australian Paper Manufacturers (APM) dominated the domestic paper packaging market in a long-standing industry relationship that divided the Australian paper market neatly and cordially among the country's three main paper companies. In 1987, APM invaded the fine papers market, once the sole domain of the Paper Company of Australia (PCA). Haunted by its environmental record, PCA initially found itself paralyzed, unable to modernize and expand capacity to repel its new rival. By December 1991, Ken McRae, APM's group general manager, was consi dering his options, now that APM had established a reputation for quality and nvironmental sensitivity in the fine papers market. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What opportunities and risks did Ken McRae face as he contemplated taking APM into the fine papers market? Be specific with respect to technological, operations, and capital investment (as well as other considerations). 2. As Ken McRae, what technology and operations strategy options `are available? Which do you think he ought to pursue? Why? Class 7. Wednesday: September 29 (Summary discussion) Read the following articles in preparation for class discussion †¢ Wheelwright, S. C. and K. B.Clark. 2003. â€Å"Creating Project Plans to focus product development. † Harvard Business Review September: 2-15. †¢ Thomke, S. and D. Reinertsen. 1998. â€Å"Agile product development: Managing development flexibility in uncertain environments. † California Manageme nt Review 41(1): 8-30. Part II: Creating and Capturing Value Class 8. Monday: October 4 (Managing New Product Development) Case: We’ve got rhythm! Medtronics Corporation’s cardiac pacemaker business. HBS Case 9-698-004 Case Synopsis: Medtronics manufactures implantable cardiac pacemakers. The company’s market share has eroded from about 70% in the early 1970s to below 30% in 1986.The decline stems from the way the company’s executives managed the process of defining and developing new products. The case outlines the steps the company took to try to rebuild its product development capabilities and market share. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What are the reasons behind why Medtronic nearly lost its position as market leader in the 1970s and 1980s? 2. Which of the improvements in the new product development process that the Medtronic management team implemented strike you as having been particularly crucial to turning the company around? . What do the concepts product line architecture and train schedule mean in the pacemaker business? What are the costs and benefits of having implemented these concepts as the Medtronic management team has done? What elements of Medtronic’s approach could be applied in very different business settings? 4. Evaluate the nature of senior management involvement in Medtronic’s implementation of its product development system. Which elements of the system does senior management need to be intimately involved in, and which can it delegate or pay less attention to? Class 9. Wednesday: October 6 (Managing Uncertainty)Case: Delamere Vineyard HBS 9-698-051 Case Synopsis: Delamere Vineyard is a small, integrated winemaking business in Tasmania. Richard Richardson, Delamere’s winemaker and owner, confronts a choice among three potential quality improvement projects, the merits about which customers and industry experts offer conflicting advice. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What are Delamere’s strengths and weaknesses? What does it deliver to customers that other vineyards do not? What does it take to be outstanding in the wine business? 2. What types of uncertainty does Richardson face? . What does quality mean in winemaking? 4. What principle and concepts should one apply to improving a production system such as winemaking? 5. What should Richardson do? How will his experience and personality shape his decision? Class 10. Monday: October 11 (Managing Complexity) Case: Ellis Manufacturing. HBS Case # 9-682-103 Case Synopsis: Ellis, a leading producer of small kitchen appliances has seen its market share steadily eroding over the last few years, and internally has experienced increasing conflict among sales and production groups over control of production for local markets.James Cassals, the top operations executive at Ellis has been asked to rationalize the multip lant network. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What problems does EMC face? What are the causes of these problems? 2. What is the cost of producing an average mixer at the Barnstable plant? At Georgetown? At Flower Springs? What insights do these calculations provide as to how product lines should be assigned to plants? 3. How should EMC’s multiplant network be organized? Class 11. Wednesday: October 13 (Capturing Value: Scalability) †¢ Read Fresh Connections HBS Case 5-600-108Case Synopsis: Fresh Connections is a start-up food manufacturer that hopes to exploit the growing enthusiasm of Americans for â€Å"home meal replacements†, prepared food purchased in supermarkets and eaten in the home. A startup Fresh Connections could manage operations on an order-by-order basis, as it grows the company finds it needs more formalized systems. But which system should they adopt? Assignment: Please come to class prepared to di scuss the following questions: 1. What are the most important operating and strategic issues facing Fresh Connections? (Hint: Try to estimate how many new products are developed each month. 2. Which segment(s) of the prepared foods business do you think is most attractive for Fresh Connections? 3. What choices must Fresh Connections make in developing an operations strategy? What is the effect of complexity on Fresh Connections’ operations? (Hint: Try to estimate the cost of having to change over between every batch as opposed to being able to make long runs of the same product, which wouldn’t require complete clean-outs between batches. ) 4. How will growth impact Fresh Connections’ operations? 5. What capabilities should Fresh Connections emphasize in its strategy? Class 12.Monday: October 18 (Value Capture versus Value creation) Case: McDonald’s Corporation (Abridged) HBS Case 9-603-401 Case Synopsis: McDonald’s is rightly seen as one of the gre at growth stories in American business history. The company offered outstanding consistency, service speed, and price to its customers. For almost half a century, the formula seemed unbeatable. But in the 1990s growth had stalled. New competitors entered the fast-food industry, and were apparently better able than McDonald’s to react to shifting customer preference. Can McDonald’s meet this challenge while keeping its operating system intact?Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What characteristics of McDonald’s production system have been most important in building its record of success and growth in the industry? 2. What are the downsides of their operating strategy? (i. e. what things does McDonald’s NOT do well) 3. What are the primary new challenges McDonald’s faces at the start of the 21st century? 4. How would you adapt the system to accommodate these changes in the U. S.? 5. How can McDonaldâ€⠄¢s lay the basis for future growth? Class 13. Wednesday: October 20 (Summary discussion)Read the following papers: †¢ Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), HBS Technical Note 9-699-020. †¢ T. H. Davenport, â€Å"Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System,† Harvard Business Review, July-August 1998 Assignment: For a company of your choice, think through the costs, benefits and risks of implementing an ERP-based solution to providing the transactions-based infrastructure for materials management, manufacturing and distribution in the company. Monday: October 25: Break Part III: Managing the operations supply chain Class 14. Wednesday: October 27: (Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP) Read Cisco Systems: Implementing ERP. HBS Case 9-699-022 Case Synopsis: Upon arriving at Cisco in 1993, the Chief Information Officer, Pete Solvik, recognized that the manufacturing systems that were unstable and needed replacement Although initially hoped to replace the suite of legacy systems at a slower, more deliberate rate, the instability of the company’s systems were an obstacle to sustaining the rapid growth of the company. Thus, Pete and his fellow managers aggressively attacked the problem with an ERP approach. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1.At the start of the case, Cisco’s information systems are failing, yet no one steps forward to lead the effort to replace them. Why is this? Why were no managers eager to take on this project? 2. Cisco was highly successful with its enterprise resource planning (ERP) effort. What accounts for this success? What were the most important things that Cisco did correctly? 3. Did Cisco do anything wrong on this project? If so, what? 4. We often hear that senior management commitment is important for projects like Cisco’s ERP implementation, but senior management commitment to do what?What can top managers do to maximize chances for success here? 5. Cisco went live with ERP in a big bang fashion, which is inherently risky. How did Cisco mitigate this risk? 6. Was Cisco smart or lucky with its ERP implementation? Class 15. Monday: November 1: (Supply Chain Management and Design) The next two sessions provide a general introduction to and review of the following strategies employed in designing supply chains for flexibility, time and cost performance: Read: †¢ H. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, S. Whang, â€Å"The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains†. Sloan Management Review, Spring 1997, pp. 93 – 102. David Simchi-Levi, Philip Kaminsky and Edith Simchi-Levi, â€Å"Supply Chain Integration†, Chapter 5 in Designing & Managing the Supply Chain, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2003, pp. pp. 119-142. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What is the â€Å"Bullwhip or Whiplash Effect† in industries, can you give some additional examples other than those cited in the Lee et al. paper? According to Lee et al. , what are the causes of the Bullwhip Effect? Do you agree or disagree? Can you think of additional causes other than those discussed in the paper? . Why information distortion brings inefficiencies in Supply Chains? What do you think of the value of information sharing? What are the benefits of supply chain coordination? Can you give us some fresh examples from reality? How can we mitigate the Bullwhip Effect? What are additional mechanisms you think can be used for Supply Chain Coordination? 3. Based on the previous question (2), how can ERP and Business Intelligence Technology be used to develop an electronic supply chain? 4. What are the emerging business opportunities for B2B marketplaces (see Lee 2001, Simchi-Levi et al. 2003)? Class 16. Wednesday: November 3: (Business-to-business supply chains) †¢ Read Quantum Corporation: supply Chain Group. HBS Case 9-601-099 Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss th e following questions: 1. What are the biggest challenges facing HDDO? How can Information Technology help with these? 2. Why is time so critical in this business? What efforts should the eSupplyChain group advocate to allow Quantum to reduce the lead-time for its products? 3. How should the eSupplyChain group best accomplish its mission within Quantum’s organizational structure? 4.How should Quantum and HDDO use the new eHITEX consortium? If we think of the adoption of eHitex by high-tech companies as a kind of implementation process, what kinds of pitfalls with this implementation face? 5. The new IT-enabled product allocation process, which is described on p. 12 of the case, has the potential to be an improvement over the current one. What difficulties, if any, do you think there will be in moving to the new process? What organizational groups might not be enthusiastic about moving to the new process? 6. How much financial benefit will a 1-day TOO reduction realize for HDD G?Class 17. Monday: November 8: (Management of process technology in a global plant network) †¢ Read ITT Automotive. HBS Case 9-601-099 Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What are the implications for both cost and flexibility of automation? Do you agree with the assertion made by one of the managers in the case: â€Å"If you automate, you stagnate†? 2. What are your recommendations regarding the issue of standardizing process technology across all plants? Are there motives behind this proposal, other than those stated in the case? 3.As Juergen Geissinger, how would you go about implementing your recommendation? How would you overcome resistence from the plants? As Steve Dickerson, the plant manager at Asheville, North Carolina, what line of reasoning would you use to convince senior management that full automation is the less desirable alternative? 4. As Klaus Lederer, what option would you like to see pursued? How do variou s options fit into the broader corporate strategy of ITT Automotive? Class 18. Wednesday: November 10: (Vertical integration) †¢ Read Nucleon, Inc. HBS Case 9-692-041 Case Synopsis: Nucleon is a five-year old biotechnology company whose first harmaceutical product, CRP-1, is almost ready to be tested in human beings. The company has focused entirely on R&D since its founding and thus has no manufacturing capabilities of its own. It must decide whether or not to build a small-scale pilot plant to manufacture CRP-1 for early phases of clinical trials. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. What are your recommendations regarding the manufacturing of CRP-1 for Phase I and Phase II clinical trials? What are your recommendations regarding manufacturing for Phase III clinical trials and commercialization? . How would you justify your recommendation to would-be investors in the company? 3. What is your recommendation regarding Nucleon’s long-term manufacturing strategy? What should this company look like in 10 years (e. g. an R&D boutique, an R&D boutique with pilot scale manufacturing capabilities, or an integrated manufacturing enterprise)? Class 19. Monday: November 15: (Outsourcing strategies) Read †¢ David Simchi-Levi, Philip Kaminsky and Edith Simchi-Levi, â€Å"Procurement and Outsourcing Strategies†, Chapter 7 in Designing & Managing the Supply Chain, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2003, pp. p. 119-142. †¢ Solectron. Stanford Case GS-24 Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. Why did IBM decide to use a contract manufacturer? Do you think there were any risks associated with their decision? 2. What strengths did Solectron have that made it an appropriate contract manufacturer for IBM? 3. What made Solectron a successful contract manufacturer in general? Note: Contract manufacturing and outsourcing have become vital ingredients of both hig h-tech sectors (e. g. aircraft manufacturing and electronics) as well as medium- and low-tech manufacturing, including that in emerging economies. Use the reading and the Case discussion to think through the basic ingredients (internal and external) for a company to survive and prosper using outsourcing and off-shoring. Class 20. Wednesday: November 17 (Managing a global network of suppliers) Case: Li & Fung (Trading) Ltd. HBS 5-396-386 Case Synopsis: Li & Fung is one of the largest trading companies specializing in low-cost, labor-intensive consumer goods from suppliers throughout east Asia.Its main work is to connect Asian factories with U. S. and European retailers and manufacturers who have their own designs for merchandise and need them turned into physical product. The case poses two decisions for students: a Li & Fung division manager must decide which supplier can best handle a particular customer order; and the Managing Director must determine whether or not to restructure all of the soft goods (textile products) divisions in a way that might dramatically change its service to its customers. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1.How does Li & Fung create value for its customers and suppliers? How do international differences in labor costs play into this value? 2. Should Charles Ho (Li & Fung’s division manager) send Classique’s order to Qingdao, China, or the Philippines? If he sends the order to China, should he ask the HV division to supervise it? If he sends it to China and has his own staff supervise it, how many visits should they make to the factory—two, three, or four? Consider the division manager’s personal interests, as well as those of the customer and of Li & Fung. 3.Assess Li & Fung’s internal structure, including its organizational structure and the ways in which it motivates its employees. How does it align employees’ interests with both customer satisf action and Li & Fung’s financial performance? 4. Should William Fung follow Danny Lau’s recommendation to extend the restructuring experiment to all soft goods divisions? 5. How do business-to-business services differ from business-to-individual consumer services? Part IV: Managing Internal Processes Class 21. Monday: November 22 (Introduction to Time Based Manufacturing) Read Hopp, W. J. and M. L. Spearman. 2004. â€Å"To pull or not to pull: What is the question? † Manufacturing and Service Operations Management 6(2):133-48. †¢ Spear, S. and H. K. Bowen. 1999. â€Å"Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System. † Harvard Business Review 77(5):96-106. Class 22. Wednesday: November 24 (Attribute Control Charts) Read the following pages out of Gitlow et al, Quality Management, 2005. †¢ Skim Chapter 6, pages 169, 170 †¢ Chapter 7, pages 184-223. †¢ Skim Chapter 8, pages 254-260; page 293. Assignment: Prepare and turn in answers to th e problems 7. and 7. 25. Prepare the following questions for class discussion: 1. What is the difference between attribute and variable control charts? When would one use one versus the other? 2. What is the difference between n, np, c, and u charts? When would one use one versus the others? 3. What, if anything, are the downsides of using control charts? What are their limitations? Can you think of alternative methods for controlling systems and improving processes? Class 23. Monday: November 29 (Application of p-charts ) †¢ Read Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung.HBS Case 9-696-084 Case Synopsis: Deutsche (DAV) is one of Europe’s largest insurance companies. To defend itself and to regain its traditional leadership position, DAV has begun a new quality initiative, focused primarily on some key processes it believed could be dramatically improved. Assignment: Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions: 1. Why is DAV using SPC? What are the primary chal lenges in applying Statistical Process Control to a service industry compared with manufacturing? 2.If you were to explain the concept of a p-chart to a group of bank tellers without a background in SPC, in about 30 minutes, how would you do it? 3. How large should each sample be for the experiment Schoss and Kluck describe on page 7? 4. The first 12 weeks of the data in Exhibit 4 represent the diagnostic period for the Policy Extension Group. What are the 3-sigma control limits for the process? In which of the subsequent weeks is the process out of control (if any)? 5. Develop specific implementation plans for solving the problems facing Annette Kluck that are described on page 9 of the case. . How would you now begin improving the performance of the operation? Class 24. Wednesday: December 1 (6-sigma improvement programs ) Please read †¢ Chapter 10 in Evans, James R. and William M. Lindsay. 2005. The management and control of quality. 6th edition. Thomson South-western, Mason , Ohio. Pages 479-513. †¢ Dow, D. , D. Samson, and S. Ford. â€Å"Exploding the myth: do all quality management practices contribute to superior quality performance? † Production and Operations Management, 8(1), p 1-27. Please prepare the following questions to hand in at the start of class 1.What is a defect? Explain how to compute defects per million opportunities (dpmo). 2. Explain the theoretical basis for Six Sigma quality. 3. Problem # 1 on page 505. 4. Problem # 3 on page 505. Please be prepared to discuss discussion question #1 on page 504. †¢ Six-sigma has been criticized because a) The results often don’t have any noticeable impact on company financial statements. (90% of the companies that implement six-sigma don’t end up with higher stock values. ) b) Only early adopters can benefit c) Six Sigma focuses on defects, which are hard to objectively determine or service businesses d) Six Sigma can’t guarantee that your product will have a market. Class 25. Monday: December 6 (Transfer of learning) Read †¢ Pisano, G. P. , R. Bohmer, and A. C. Edmondson. 2001. â€Å"Organizational Differences in Rates of Learning: Evidence from the Adoption of Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery. † Management Science 47(6):752. †¢ M. A. Lapre and Luk N. Van Wassenhove, â€Å"Learning Across Lines: The Secret to More Efficient Factories†, Harvard Business Review, October, 2002, pp. 107-113. Class 26. Wednesday: December 8 (Course Summary) Final Examination: Take Home Case Date TBA

Lance Armstrong

For a period of 1 2 years, Lance Armstrong lied about doping to the entire world. In the process he selfishly ruined multiple live. A man who would ruin lives and Ile Just to ride a bike Is truly selfish. Because the drugs that Lance Armstrong used and lied about can enhance his performance, and are banned, he should get his medals taken away. Lance Armstrong has been racing since he was 19 years old and has gone to win 7 tour de France titles. He founded the Livestrong charity which helps out cancer patients. Lance Armstrong was accused of doping during all of his races.He sued those who accused him of doping and ruined their reputations and even lives In the process. He later on confessed to his doping after appearing on the Oprah Winfrey show. He also admitted that he has been lying about it for 12 years. Because Armstrong cheated, he does not deserve his medals. In the article by Ashling O'Conner â€Å"I'm the fall guy: Armstrong puts a historical spin on his cheating† Arm strong tries to Justify his actions. It is un-sportsmen like to try to justify cheating and lying the way he did. He obviously has no respect for the sport and others.In nother article titled â€Å"Lance Armstrong tried to donate around $250,000 to USADA† Brent Schrotenboer mentions Armstrong's attempt at a bribe. Someone who tries to bribe like that has something to hide. Armstrong knows what he did was wrong and is willing to do anything to cover it up. Even if it means ruining lives in the process. Armstrong ruined so many people's lives during all of this. In the article â€Å"admission' Just another Lance ploy† Greg couch explains how Armstrong ruined people's lives. Armstrong demonstrated how selfish he is by suing all those Innocent people for all that they have.He Is selfish and should have his medals taken away from him as a token for the lives he has ruined. In another article by Liz Clarke â€Å"Armstrong confesses to doping† it gives examples of Arms trong threatening people if they told about his doping. This is just more evidence the Armstrong is generally not a good person. It does not matter If he had to dope In order to win. If he needs performance enhancers to win a race, then he shouldn't be racing at all. Just because everybody Is doping doesn't make It okay. It should make him feel better knowing that he can beat a bunch of people that need drugs to do better.And the drugs that Armstrong used can badly harm your body after a while. Lance Armstrong admitted to doping and using performance enhancing drugs. Because he did not win any of his races in his career by his own abilities, he should have his medals and titles taken away from him. So what everybody Is doping. So what he wouldnt win If he dldnt. Because he thinks that he needs to dope In order to win a race, and he does, his medals should be taken away from him and given to the next person who did not test positive for banned drugs. Lance Armstrong By Agentbilly3 Fo r a period of 12 years, Lance Armstrong lied about doping to the entire world.In the process he selfishly ruined multiple live. A man who would ruin lives and lie Just to ride a bike is truly selfish. Because the drugs that Lance Armstrong used and lied those who accused him of doping and ruined their reputations and even lives in the Armstrong tries to Justify his actions. It is un-sportsmen like to try to Justify cheating Brent Schrotenboer mentions Armstrongs attempt at a bribe. Someone who tries to â€Å"admission' Just another Lance ploy' Greg couch explains how Armstrong ruined people's lives. Armstrong demonstrated how selfish he is by suing all those innocent eople for all that they have.He is selfish and should have his medals taken away they told about his doping. This is Just more evidence the Armstrong is generally not It does not matter if he had to dope in order to win. If he needs performance enhancers to win a race, then he shouldn't be racing at all. Just because e verybody is doping doesn't make it okay. It should make him feel better knowing that he can beat have his medals and titles taken away from him. So what everybody is doping. So what he wouldn't win if he didn't.

Cultural Awareness Paper on Guam

Cultural Awareness Paper on Guam Cultural Awareness Paper: Guam Cultural Awareness Paper: GuamTerritory of Guam is an island in the western Pacific Ocean, which is part of the United States with a status of an unincorporated organized territory without the right to participate in national elections. The island of Guam is located on Mariana Islands archipelago, 1,600 miles from Japan and 3,900 miles from Hawaii, being the largest and southernmost island of the archipelago. The island stretches from north to south for 30 miles; the width at the narrowest middle part is 12 miles. To the south-west of it is the deepest point of the world’s ocean 11 022 m. The north of Guam is a limestone plateau composed of corals; the south has a volcanic origin and hilly terrain. The climate of the island is of tropical monsoon type. There are two distinguished seasons: the rainy season (June September) and the windy season (October May). Throughout the year the temperature on Guam varies in the comfortable range of 27-33  °C, and virtually does not cha nge during the day. Typhoons on the island occur occasionally every few years (CIA, 2012).  Historical BackgroundGuam was inhabited by one of the Austronesian peoples, Chamorro, about 3500 years ago. Archaeologists believe that the culture of the indigenous people has a history of more than four thousand years and it is the most ancient civilization in Micronesia. The first settlers arrived to Mariana Islands from Southeast Asia in a canoe through the stormy waters of the Pacific Ocean. They lived in caves, ate fish and fruit. By the beginning of the 16th century, when the expedition of Magellan discovered Guam on March 6, 1521, the Chamorro had already started forming the early class society. The whole people of Chamorro were divided into three major social strata: chiefs, freemen and slaves (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 56).In 1565, Guam was declared a colony of Spain. Since 1600 the island was used by the Spanish galleons that were routing from Mexico to the Philippines as a place to let to provide rest to the crew and recharge provisions. As a result, this led to demographic blending of the Aboriginal Chamorro with the Spaniards, Mexicans and Filipino who were part of the crews on Spanish galleons. Actual Spanish colonization accompanied by Christianization of the Chamorro began in 1668 with the arrival of Catholic missionaries to the island. At the time, Spanish Catholicism was hardly inoculated over the ancient culture of the local people who till today have preserved their beliefs in the forest spirits taotaomona and strong matriarchy (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 129).As a result, the period from 1670 to 1695 was marked by a series of Chamorro riots, which were brutally suppressed by the Spanish soldiers. During the Spanish-Chamorro war, the population of natives was exterminated: the Chamorro population, especially men, was strongly reduced from 100 to 3 thousand. This led to further assimilation of the Chamorro with the Spanish, Filipinos and Mexicans. By the end of the 18th century there were no full-blooded Chamorro left, however, the Chamorro managed to preserve their language and some customs. Starting with 1700’s, the island of Guam was visited by numerous scholars and scientists of different countries (including Spain, France, Russia) and of various fields, such as ethnology, archeology, botany, medicine, who came to Guam in order to explore and study the island (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 141). At the same time, Spanish governors were studying the local people and wrote numerous works on their culture and life. The Guam Museum now exhibits many of those collections.The U.S. conquered the island during the Spanish-American War in 1898, and got it according to the Paris Peace Accords signed the same year. After that Guam has served as a transshipment base for American vessels departing from the Philippines or travelling to the Philippines. During World War II, Guam was attacked by the armed forces of the Imperial Japan in t he Battle of Guam (1941), three hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Guam surrendered to the Japanese forces on December 10. In the midst of the war, approximately 19,000 Japanese soldiers and sailors were stationed on the island. Eventually, Guam was liberated from occupation by the U.S. Marine Corps on July 21, 1944 in the Battle of Guam, 13 days after the beginning of the battle for the liberation of the island from the Japanese invaders (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 253).Today, Guam has the official status of â€Å"an organized unincorporated territory of the United States† with the capital in Hagatna, and is governed on the basis of the Organic Act of Guam passed by the U.S. Congress in 1950 (CIA, 2012). This law gave the island the right to local self-government and declared its people the nationals of the United States, however, without the right to participate in national elections. In addition, in accordance with the 2009 Law on State federalization of the Northern Ma riana Islands, Guam, Saipan, Tinian, Rota, and other islands of the archipelago became part of the U.S. as a separate administrative area, the Mariana Islands.Head of state is the President of the United States. Executive power is exercised by the Governor, who is elected by the people of Guam for a 4-year term and appoints local government (while before 1970 the governor used to be appointed by the U.S. President with the consent of the U.S. Senate). The governor appoints the government after the approval by the legislature heads of 48 executive departments. Legislative power is represented by the Legislative Assembly consisting of 15 senators who are elected for 2-year terms. Guam also has one delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, who is elected for 2 years but has no voting rights (CIA, 2012). In Guam, there is a movement for complete independence from the United States, but most of the residents of Guam prefer to maintain the current status in a modified form providing wider autonomy.Guam is the largest strategic U.S. military base in the Pacific, therefore the naval and army authorities have quite a big impact on the political and social life of the island. The U.S. militaries are concentrated mainly at Andersen Air Force Base and Apra Harbor Naval Base located in the Northern region of Guam. In general, historically, the economy of Guam is supported primarily by tourism (especially from Japan), and secondary by the U.S. military base located on the island, which occupies one-third of its territory. The basis of the economy of the local population is slash-and-burn agriculture, growing of yams, rice, banana, coconut palms, cane, as well as gardening and fishing (CIA, 2012).Thus, the northern region of Guam is the most sparsely populated area of the island and the least visited by tourists. Most part of the region is occupied by the U.S. military bases. At the same time, the Ritidian Beach is located here, which is considered the most beautiful be ach in Guam. The central region is the most populous and most visited by tourists (90% of the tourists). It is here that the capital of Guam is situated, as well as the main and in fact the only tourist center of the island – Tumon. Southern region is the most picturesque on the island, but at the same time it is the most underdeveloped. In this area the culture of the original Guam people of Chamorro is preserved best.In general, the population of Guam is more than 160,000 people. Indigenous inhabitants of the island, the Chamorro, make up about 37% of the population (around 64,000 people; another 16,000 Chamorros live on other Mariana Islands). The population also includes a significant number of immigrants from the Philippines (about 26%), the Polynesian people (about 11.3%), immigrants from China, Japan and Korea, as well as about 25,000 members of the U.S. army and navy and their families (CIA, 2012). Thus, today Guam presents a remarkable cultural diversity. The Chamorr o culture is well-pronounced here but at the same time it is impossible not to notice the Spanish influence of past years. In addition, immigrants from Korea, China, the Philippines and Micronesia who arrived to the island in large numbers in the second half of the 20th century contributed to the formation of the cultural traditions of Guam.  The original culture of GuamScientists associate the origin of the Chamorro (from local Chamorri â€Å"noble race†, â€Å"chief†), as well as Palau, unlike the rest of the Micronesians, with migrations from the Philippines and Indonesia in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Arguments in favor of the Malayo-Polynesian theory are based on the similarity of ancient ceramics (Marian red clay) and rice cultivation, which is unique to Oceania. The famous latte, ancient megalithic monuments of the Chamorro culture (rows of giant stone pillars with tops in the shape of hemispheres) are also interpreted as implementation of the princip le of pile buildings in Southeast Asia. The Chamorro language also belongs to the Austronesian family of languages of the western branch, but as a result of colonization, in addition to native vocabulary it also contains a large number of Spanish words.The cornerstone of this culture is the tradition that derived from the Catholic faith which had been brought here by the Spanish in the 17th century, and the principle of respect for the family rooted in centuries-old culture of the Chamorro people, the most ancient civilization of Micronesia. These values are deeply rooted in to the concept of inafamaolek which is often translated as interdependence and basically means doing good for each other, i.e. show respect for other people’s family, community as a whole, and particularly respect for the elderly or manamko, which perfectly fit into traditional beliefs (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 115).Throughout the history of the Chamorro people, they were considered to be superstitious. T hey had a tradition of keeping the skulls of their ancestors in homes in special baskets thus idolizing them and using in rituals, pronouncing invocations in front of them in order to gain the desired things. The spirits of the dead ancestors were called anite. The Chamorro believed that the spirit inhabited the surrounding forests, and visited the villages form time to time, which was causing scary dreams in their dwellers and influenced the success of the fisheries. Those who died a violent death were believed to enter an afterlife place called Zazarraguan, and those dying their natural death were supposed to live in an underground paradise with banana plantations, coconut groves, sugar cane and other tropical fruits (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 84-87). Today, Chamorro believers are mainly Roman Catholics (up to 8586%) (CIA, 2012). At the same time, the religious institutions operating in modern-day Guam also include Guam Buddhism Society, Muslim Association of Guam, Sisters of the G ood Shepherd, Dominican Sisters, and the Redemptoris Mater Seminary. Worship of ancestors still may be found among village citizens as well, and some still honor their old relatives’ skulls. After the Spanish conquest the cult of the dead developed as well, which especially referred to the spirits of the chiefs.As it was mentioned above, the cult of the family is the cornerstone of the culture of the Chamorro people. Initially, basic social units were matrilineal groups of related families composing the population of the village. Several villages were united under the leadership of the chief. The society was divided into three hierarchical classes: the class of senior chiefs and the highest-ranked nobles (matua), junior chiefs or middle class (atchaot), and commoners (mangatchang). The economic specialization was thus defined in accordance with class belonging, as well as the social inter-class relations and inter-class marriages, which were strictly regulated by the rules of etiquette. Traditionally, marriages were monogamous, with matrilocal rule. At the same time, there were houses of bachelors, and women enjoyed premarital sexual freedom (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 78).Chamorro women had a high social status: they participated in village councils, held the court, had their own meetings, and inherited their husbands’ possessions. Husband’s adultery was punished more severely than wife’s infidelity. Prior to marriage, young Chamorro men were allowed to live in concubinage with young women, who were chosen as future wives and then purchased from their parents by means of presents. As a result, it was accustomed that several young couples would live together in one large house, similarly to the traditions widely spread among the Igorot peoples of Luzon. After marriage though, a husband coupled with one wife, and a wife chose one husband at a time. Still, wife’s treason was condemned much less than that of husband’s, and divorces among the Chamorro were noted to be frequent, with household property and children staying with the wife. Foreign influence could not break the tradition of creating family communities, relatives are the most important people to each local, and family affairs will always be of the highest priority. Today the representatives of the older generation are considered to be the heads in the families, and they are trying to help the young with their wise advice, therefore, their word is always decisive in the family decisions (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 269).The Chamorro people are proud of their traditional cuisine, dance, fashion, games, language, music, and songs. All the traditions from seafaring and fishing to crafts, from weaving and braiding to songs and dances are being passed orally in stories and legends for thousands of years.Cuisine. Historically, the Guam inhabitants tend to eat fish, fowls, taro, yams, rice, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts, combined in several tradit ional dishes. The food was usually cooked in a heated pit by means of heated stones, which pretty much resembles the technique applied by the contemporary Polynesians. The major plants brought on the island by the various missionaries were pineapples, tobacco, maize, lemons, limes and oranges, cashew nuts and peanuts, tomatoes and egg plants, several species of Annona, as well as a wide range of garden herbs and leguminous vegetables. Later, cacao and coffee were also introduced. Thus, the contemporary cuisine of Guam is now the fusion cuisine, eclectically combining the tastes of the indigenous Chamorro tribes, the Philippines, the Pacific Islanders, the Asians, and the Spanish. Indeed, Spanish colonialism that lasted for three centuries also has a strong influence on the Guam traditional cuisine being simultaneously blended with the current American impact. Some of the popular Guam dishes include the Jamaican Grill, the Chorizo Breakfast Bowl, a side dish cooked of red rice with r ed achiote tree seeds, the Banana Lumpia desert, etc. A feature of traditional Chamorro cuisine is the Mariana fruit bat. Other Guam’s cuisine local ingredients typically include fresh fish, mainly tuna, coconut, breadfruit, yams, taro, and papaya. The Chamorro traditional dishes are Guyuria, Chicharrà ³n, Kalamai, and Roskette. On a whole, Guam cuisine is rich in Spanish, Filipino and Pacific dishes. At a village table one can find such delicacies as suckling pig roasted on fire, tropical fruits, coconut crabs, red rice painted by ashiot seeds, and many other things that can be cooked outdoors over an open fire (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 327-330).Architecture. Many architectural structures in Guam remained since the Spanish period. But their greatness is overshadowed by the megalithic structures of the Chamorro civilization latte stones. Chronicler of Magellan in 1521 wrote about the Chamorro houses that they were lifted on wooden poles or stone pillars called latte, with roo fs made of palm leaves thatched over the basis of solid coral (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 174-179). None of such houses survived till today: most of the villages in Guam, the number of which was over 180, were destroyed mainly between 1670 and 1695 during the Spanish-Chamorro war; the latte stones from 20 buildings are the only remains that are left. These huge columns of limestone with hemispheric stone on top are found all over the island and are accompanied with remains of shell and stone tools and pottery (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 313-317). A large number of latte columns of old houses keep the reminiscence of the ancient inhabitants Chamorro living on the territory of Guam, who left their petroglyphs on them. In modern times, the latte stones are considered to be a symbol of the Chamorro identity, the symbol of Guam. Some of the new buildings are constructed now incorporating new-fashioned concrete lattes, while ancient latte stones are incorporated into residential Guam landscapin g.In 2010, for holding events and attracting tourists, on the top of the Adelup area in the southern part of the capital, where the complex of government buildings with the administration of the governor is located, a tower in the form of a latte stone was erected with a viewing platform – the Latte of Freedom. In addition to the monumental ancient latte stones found only on the Mariana Islands, the main historical sights of the island include the Plaza de Espaà ±a, Guam Statue of Liberty, Statue of Chamorro, Two Lover’s Point, the historical monuments of the Battle of Guam between the Japanese Army and the U.S. Navy, Guam Museum, Talofofo waterfalls, natural swimming pool on the Pacific coast, and the Lam Lam hill the highest mountain in the world if you take the Mariana Trench as its bottom.Pottery. According to archeological researches, Chamorro pottery as a form of ceramic craft and art has a long history of over 3,000 years. Ceramic products were all handmade an d had shapes of domestic kitchen ware with various geometric designs with imprints of lime. At the time of the so-called Latte Period (800 AD – 1521 AD), red clay combined with volcanic sand were used the raw materials for ceramics production. Items of this period were smaller in size than the ones of the pre-Latte period and had decorations over the surface in the rim area. In order to make cooking easy the kitchen ware bases were designed in round or cone shapes with small openings. However, in the period of Spanish colonial ruling this form of craft was terminated and replaced in domestic use by the imported ceramics. However, this form of craft work was revived and promoted in the mid-1960’s by the University of Guam, and it is recognized now a specific art form of Guam (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 315-321). At the fairs and exhibitions of cultural objects held on the island, plaiting craftsmen, carvers and even blacksmiths traditionally demonstrate their mastery.Painti ng. Painting in Guam is a relatively recent art form which started developing here in the 1980’s. One of the greatest collections of works by local authors is displayed at the Guam International Airport at the arrival and departure gates. A number of paintings are also exhibited in the business college of the University of Guam. The local artistic sights include the murals by painter Sal Bidaure, in particular the two-story level mural on the Bank of Hawaii and the mural on the concrete retaining wall located near the Hilton hotel. Numerous well-known buildings all over the island contain contemporary paintings by many local artists (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 331). The names of the well-known contemporary artists include Monica Baza, Vivian Chargulaf, Ric R. Castro, and Mark DellIsola.Music of Guam. The music of Guam involves the artworks by many popular Chamorro musicians, such as Daniel De Leon Guerrero, KACY, Flora Baza Quan known as the Queen of Chamorro Music, as well as so ngwriter and singer JD Crutch, presented by the local music company Napu Records and owning the best-selling Guam album with Guinaifen Manglo. In addition to the Napu Records, Guam also features another major local record label called StelStar Records. Traditional Chamorro instruments are the nose flute and the belembaotuyan, which is a hollow gourd stringed instrument. Guam’s state song is â€Å"Guam Hymn† written by Ramon Sablan and adopted back in 1919. Modern music produced in Guam incorporates various elements of Spanish, Latin, American, Polynesian and Filipino music. In particular, the Spanish and Mexicans contributed significantly to the type of song called serenetas, now widely spread in the culture of Guam and sung at local festivals and carnivals. Music institutions in Guam are supported through the Fine Arts Department at the University of Guams, Guam Choristers, Cantate Guam, the Gregorian Institute of Guam, and Guam Symphony Society. The latter was founde d 47 years ago, in 1967, and now hosts such notable events like the Musikan Famaguon for children and the Symphony Seaside Concert (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 435).Poetry. Chamorro poetry is another important element of the local original culture and it is mainly presented by such forms as Chamorrita singing (Kantan Chamorrita) and Chamorro chants. Kantan Chamorrita, according to chronicles, date back to the beginning of 1600’s; it is a particular type of improvised poetry composed in the format of a call and response, and till today remains an essential part of Chamorro culture. The principle of Kantan Chamorrita consists in separate persons exchanging quick-witted remarks with each other as part of a dispute so that the song is continued by a whole group of people singing in turns. The researchers characterize this poetic form as ancient folk songs that consist of quatrains made up of two octosyllabic couplets; the couplets are mostly sung on a single melody, however there ma y be a great number of variations depending on the performer’s personal style and preferences. The main characteristic features of Kantan Chamorrita are unprepared improvisation and the form of a dialogue between two individuals or groups of people, depending on the occasion and purpose. Special attention should also be paid to the myths of the Chamorro people which continue to thrive due to oral transmission from older generations to younger. Stories and folk dances pass the legends about ancient village spirits taotaomona, doomed lovers who jumped from the Cape Two Lovers (Dos Amantes Puntal), Serena – a beautiful young girl who became a mermaid (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 324-326).During festivals, men and women get grouped separately to form semi-circles and chant Guam legends. These songs are sometimes sung in a three-part harmony by falsetto, contralto, and treble singers. The ceremony is typically accompanied by the demonstration of certain gestures and body movemen ts. Guam women may also use shell-made castanets and rattles to create music.In general, festivals and rural holidays is the Chamorro tradition that emerged in the late 17th century in symbiosis with Christian culture. The celebration in honor of the Catholic patron saint is held every year in all 19 villages of the island. Each village has its patron saint and its weekend to celebrate. The dates of celebrations do not overlap, so one can witness festivals on Guam at least two times a month. Traditionally relatives from other villages on the holiday Sunday gather at the dinner in the celebrating village. Such gatherings may count up to several hundred people eating, drinking beer and coke, chatting, listening to songs of local bands, having fun and dancing all day long. Tables are groaning with dishes which the whole village was cooking a few days; and the village youth demonstrates the specially prepared dances in the national spirit dressed in aboriginal costumes of straw and coco nuts.Another bright distinctive feature of the people of Guam is a unique sign language aybro. Using a variety of gestures and facial expressions the native population can communicate as freely as using the oral speech. Aybro is a completely unique communication system that has evolved for thousands of years. It is simply impossible for a foreigner to master this language of gestures because the same gesture accompanied by various facial expressions can have completely opposite meanings (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 312).The Chamorros are proud of their language, faith, traditions, arts and crafts, but always welcomes new elements of other cultures. Therefore, despite the fact that customs such as kissing hands of seniors (fanginge) or fishing with beach seine (talaya) emerged in the early culture of the Chamorro people and firmly rooted in the local society, the influence of Spanish and Asian cultures is also evident and reflected throughout the island. On a whole, from the traditional c ulture of the Chamorro only the individual elements have firmly survived: chamorrita songs are performed at celebrations; some crafts are still alive (weaving, manufacture of shell jewelry, wood carving), betel chewing is common. But the houses of local residents are built from modern materials, and clothing is European. Most Chamorros are employed, mostly serving the U.S. military bases on the island. At the same time, ethnic identity of the Chamorro steadfastly maintains.Thus, despite the fact that the culture and traditions of the locals was greatly influenced by both Europe and America, the indigenous population remains true to its beliefs, many of which were formed in ancient times, and great attention is paid to the revival of the culture in the country. For example, over the years the national language of Chamorro has been almost completely lost, and today in order to attract youth people to studying the national culture lots of events, festivals and village celebrations are held in Guam, which are based on ancient customs.

Theodore Roosevelt Essay Example

Theodore Roosevelt Essay Example Theodore Roosevelt Essay Theodore Roosevelt Essay The actual cause of the battle was caused when one of the rendering Natives gun went Off resulting in the soldiers firing on the unarmed Natives. It was later called the Natives last stand. 3. Who were the cowboys? They were the heroes of American culture and stories. They were the cattle drivers who led individual lives and the ruthless lawmen who dulled criminals in the streets. 4. Who were the robber barons? These were very rich and powerful businessmen in 1 9th century America who used exploitive methods to gain wealth and influence over politics, the stock market and national resources. 5. Of what was William Tweed boss? William Tweed was the most notorious and powerful politician/businessman in the history of the nation. The infamous Tweed, better known as Boss Tweed or boss of Tammany Hall, acquired huge amounts of wealth through systematic corruption of various businesses and public offices in New York. He became chief of the Department of Public Works in N. Y. C. And leader of Tammany Hall, New Works City Democratic clubhouse. He would win scores of immigrant and disheveled workers votes keeping control of the legislature so that it passed bills that benefited Tweed and associates directly and indirectly. In the end it was estimated he had amassed over $30 million illegally. His associate Samuel Titled finally turned him in after being ridiculed and called out by cartoonist Thomas Nanas. 6. What happened at Homemaker Square? Strike at Homemaker Square or also massacre there was caused by police confusion and distress among the striking workers themselves. The day before there was a strike to rally for an eight-hour workday at the McCormick Reaper Company when during the strike workers attacked strikebreakers and the police fired on the crowd killing six and wounding many others. The next ay as thousands of people gathered in Homemaker Square a bomb was thrown into the polices midst killing seven policemen. This incited a panic across the nation, as it was believed anarchists had caused the attack. 7. Who were the populists? In the late 1 sass the farmers, poverty stricken whites, and even the blacks united to form the Peoples or Populist Party of America. The party formation was because the laborers were fed up with how the government was run and especially the people running the government. Their goals called for the national ownership of the railroads, telegraph lines, and telephone yester. . What was the Cross of Gold? The issue of utmost importance in the sass was over currency whether we should use gold or silver currency and this was the epicenter of all politics during the time. Populists rallied for the Free Silver idea returning to the both gold and silver standard. The party had so much power it provided as the perfect springboard for any politicia n if they took up the cry as well. As the Democrats lost prestige with Cleveland a young Democrat from Nebraska, William Jennings Bryan, decided to seize the opportunity. He spoke at the Democratic nominating convention in 1 896 delivering one of the most memorable speeches ever heard. He dramatically claimed, You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. Then taking a position of crucifixion Bryan said, You shall not crucify mankind on a Cross of Gold. Although his electrifying speech secured him the ticket to the presidency the position was literally bought out by Mark Hanna and Republican William McKinley took office. 9. What did separate but equal mean? It meant that the government could legally segregate races in public remonstration, schools, and other public accommodations. In Please vs.. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled this constitutional, totally ignoring the 14th Amendment. This led Governments mainly in the south to carry on separating public institutions on the basis that they were equal, but they never were equal. 10. Who was Jim Crow? Who was Uncle Tom? Just like the North used Uncle Tom as a symbol of their ideals Jim Crow was used in the South to represent and justify racist and segregation acts. He originated from a song written by Thomas Dartmouth Rice in the 1 sass and from theatre performances where he was depicted earning the offensive black face. 1. Who fought in the Spanish-American The war was not over any threats made against the U. S. But rather about showing strength and gaining very valuable and new markets for the rich and powerful in the government. President McKinley was surprisingly against the war, but he couldnt hold out against the powerful proponents for war in the government and outside. Henry Cabot Lodge a senator from Ma ssachusetts, Alfred Amman author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, and even future president Theodore Roosevelt called for war. Outside the government ricer were the newspaper giants William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer who knew a war would push paper sales through the roof. These men orchestrated a plot to show Spain as the worst of the worst and have president McKinley stuck in a corner with no escape but war. 12. Milestones in the Spanish-American War: January 25- The U. S. Battleship Maine drops anchor in Havana. February 15- The battleship Maine mysteriously explodes resulting in the deaths of 250 creamers. April 22- Congress passes the Voluntary Army Act calling for a cavalry, Cowboy Cavalry. U. S. Ships blockade Cuba. April 23- McKinley calls for 125,000 recruits. April 24- Spain declares war on the U. S. April 25- The U. S. Declares war exited since April 21 . May 1- The U. S. Pacific forces attack and capture Manila Bay in the Philippines. June 10- The first troops, 647 marines, land on Accountant Bay. July 1 After suffering several causalities at San Juan Heights Colonel Roosevelt takes command and takes San Juan Heights suffering more than 1 500 troops to the smaller Spanish force, but achieves war hero status. July 3- Admiral is ordered to break the blockade and reluctantly tries and fails miserably. July 10- The U. S. Roofs face no resistance and take Santiago and raise the flag. July 26- Through France peace terms are proposed. August 9- Spain accepts McKinley terms. 13. What did America gain from the Spanish-American war? Well we lost much 5,462 troops died mainly from diseases such as yellow fever and malaria. We did gain much territory expected and unexpected. As expected the IS. S. Gai ned control of Cuba and Puerco Rich, but also they gained control of Guam, Wake Island, and the Philippines. Another gain from the war was Theodore Teddy Roosevelt, a war hero riding his fame into the office of the presidency. 14. Who built the Panama Canal? In the 1 8805 a French company begun construction on a canal through the isthmus of then Colombia, but abandoned the project after major setbacks, deaths, and rising expenses. Then after the Spanish War and seeing how long it took for the ships to arrive the U. S. Took up the project, first under McKinley who had the land surveyed then to the fired up Roosevelt. He wouldnt let anything stop him and even incited a rebellion and created the country Panama that they could control. He then ordered the construction of the anal to pick up where the French left off finishing under Woodrow Wilson. 15. What happened at Kitty Hawk? Although not significant to many in 1903 on December 17, 1903 the Wright brothers piloted the first ever flight of a heavier-than air aircraft. A historic achievement that went down in the record books. 16. What was big stick? President Roosevelt was a powerful man and he got his way, even through force. His favorite saying is Speak softly, and carry a big stick; you will go far. His big stick was the military one of the most powerful. When miners went f strike and the companies wouldnt budge on the demands Roosevelt threatened to have the military run the mines if the company didnt Start work somehow again. 7. Who were the muckrakers? This was another term made popular by president Roosevelt he used the term to refer to journalists who wouldnt budge on their paths to uncover corruption. He got the name from Banyans man with the Muck-Rake, this character would be to fed up with the crap at his feet rather than try to reach the celestial crown. Roosevelt aimed this at the journalist s such as Ida M. Darrell, Lincoln Stiffens, and Upton Sinclair. These writers would investigate, expose, and bring down corrupted businesses and government like the meat packing industry and Standard Oil. 18. Who were the Wobbliest? The Industrial Workers of the Worlds, a labor union created in 1905, members were called Wobbliest. 19. Who was W. E. B. Dais? William Edward Burghers Dubos was one of the co-founders of the N. AC. P. And also was socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africans, author, and editor. He became famous after leading the Niagara Movement an African-American activist group that wanted equal rights for blacks. 20. What was the Bull Moose party? This was a party formed by Theodore Roosevelt after he split the Republican Party in the 191 2 presidential election. It was originally called the Progressive party but became the Bull Moose after reporters quoted Roosevelt as saying l feel like a bull moose. 21. Who was Poncho Villa? Jose Doter Orange Armful also known as Poncho Villa or Francisco Villa was a prominent Mexican Revolutionary General. He commanded the division of the north one of the larger Mexican states rich in resources. The Mexican people revered him as a hero as he would regularly raid trains, take over sciences, and distribute land to peasants and soldiers. 22. How did a dead archduke in Sarajevo start a world war? The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary happened not in a very friendly country and the Status-Hungarian government blaming Serbia declared war against them. This caused Australias allies Germany to declare war as well dragging in Serbians allies further escalating the conflict. 23. Who sank the Louisiana, and what difference did it make? The Louisiana was sunk by a German U-boat citing that it violated international trade laws by carrying illegal arms.

Benefits Of A Public Health System Essay

Benefits Of A Public Health System Essay One year ago, I was given a life changing opportunity to intern at San Ignacio Community Hospital in San Ignacio, Belize. Each day brought something new: a man limping towards the emergency room with a deep shin laceration after a machete fight, mothers and their children waiting to be evaluated by a pediatrician for the first time, and numerous teen women who would soon be in delivery with no previous prenatal care. Patients traveled miles by foot, bike, or taxi to be seen at the hospital every day and we worked until all were cared for. Consequently, I witnessed how a public health system functions in a rural, considerably underserved community. Throughout my time in San Ignacio, I worked with a variety of health care professionals from different backgrounds while researching the country’s greatest health challenges. At a population of slightly over 300,000, and almost half living in poverty, Belize does not yet have the economics to provide the level of health care that is accessible just a three and a half hour plane ride north. However, while working with patients affected by Belize’s most common diseases, I learned that many of the conditions could be avoided with preventive measures such as annual screenings, vaccinations, health education, and access to primary care. While my team and I regularly brainstormed constructive ideas, we were with limited resources and time. Therefore, my desire to study the country’s public health system grew, and the want to return and improve the patients’ quality of life was instilled in me. Although my interest in public health significantly increased during my time abroad, it began long before interning in San Ignacio and has continued to grow since my return. As an undergraduate ear. .ation curriculums will train me to evaluate underserved populations along with complex global health issues and provide solutions to such issues through program design, policy development, and interventions to progress health care. Additionally, the concentration’s international practice experience will prepare me to work proficiently in invigorating circumstances and apply what I learn directly to the field. As a St. Louis native, I would thoroughly enjoy furthering my education in my hometown. It would be an honor to do so at such a renowned institution well known for its research, affiliation with distinguished health organizations, and contribution to global health. Receiving my master of public health at St. Louis University will undoubtedly lead me to a rewarding and purposeful career that will not only improve my own life, but more importantly, someone else’s.